STIRLING AND THERMAL-LAG ENGINES

Existing literature focuses on the alleged merits of the Stirling engine. These are indeed latent but, decades on, remain to be fully realised. This is despite the fact that Stirling and other closed-cycle prime-movers offer a contribution to an ultra-low carbon economy. By contrast with solar panels, the initial manufacture of Stirling engines makes no demands on scarce or exotic raw materials. Further, calculating embodied carbon per kWh favours the Stirling engine by a wide margin.

However, the reader expecting to find the Stirling engine promoted as a panacea for energy problems may be surprised to find the reverse. Stirling and Thermal-Lag Engines reflects upon the fact that there is more to be gained by approaching its subject as a problem than as a solution. The Achilles heel of the Stirling engine is a low numerical value of specific work, defined as work per cycle per swept volume per unit of charge pressure and conventionally denoted Beale number NB. Measured values remain unimproved since 1818, quantified here for the first time at 2% of the NB of the modern internal combustion engine! The low figure is traced to incomplete utilisation of the working gas. Only a small percentage of the charge gas — if any — is processed through a complete cycle, i.e., between temperature extremes.

The book offers ready-made tools including a simplified algorithm for particle trajectory map construction; an author-patented mechanism delivering optimised working-gas distribution; flow and heat transfer data re-acquired in context and an illustrated re-derivation of the academically respected Method of Characteristics which now copes with shock formation and flow-area discontinuities. All formulations are presented in sufficient detail to allow the reader to 'pick up and run' with them using the data offered in the book.

The various strands are drawn together in a comprehensively engineered design of an internally focusing solar Stirling engine, presented in a form allowing a reader with access to basic machining facilities to construct one.

The sun does not always shine. But neither will the oil always flow. This new title offers an entrée to technology appropriate to the 21st century.

Contents:

• Preface
• By the Same Author
• Acknowledgements
• Notation
• Without the Rose-Tinted Spectacles
• An Uncomfortable Truth
• Raising the Threshold
• Raising the Threshold Further
• Thermal-Lag Engine
• So, How Does It Work?
• The Inscrutable Regenerator
• A Wrong Turn
• Heat Transfer Correlations
• Practical Regenerator Design
• Mechanical Power with No Recurring CO₂ Penalty
• In Search of the Efficient, Affordable, Environment-Friendly 150 W Air Engine
• Sizing the Wire-Mesh Regenerator
• Mechanism Forces
• A Lagrange Formulation
• Path-Line Equation
• Think Before You Compute
• Lagrange Meets Euler
• Regenerator Flow Impedance — A Diffusion Formulation
• From Specification to Reality
• Optimisation: A Preliminary Foray
• Enigma Variations
• A Cautionary Tale
• Towards the Definitive Gas Process Model
• Pushing the Boundaries
• The Stirling Engine and the Environment
• Appendices
• Index

Readership: Lecturers and teachers of contemporary engineering syllabuses as well as members of thermodynamics groups at every university faculty worldwide. Members of the worldwide energy sector and mid- and low-technology industries seeking to diversify into low/zero-carbon energy. The low-temperature cooling/refrigeration industry and contractors to the growing space exploration industry, where Stirling-based electricity generation is of vital importance to engineers.

Key Features:

• Identifies and rectifies a fundamental misunderstanding in the 'bible' on heat exchange (on which NASA subcontractors rely for heat transfer and flow friction correlations)
• Dynamic Similarity is one of the most valuable analytical tools of physics and engineering. This author has been — and remains — alone in mobilising it to the task at issue
• Numerical algorithms used in the new title are those tried and tested over decades in other long-established disciplines
• The first account to take account of the large cache of relevant experimental and theoretical work on compressible flow through regenerator materials (wire screens)
• Existing manufacturing resources cannot be re-directed to the manufacture of p-v panels but can mass-produce components for Stirling engines